Comprehensive theory, key formulas, diagrams, and memory aids for Shabda Parichayah 2 (शब्द परिचयः २).
The second chapter of Class 6 Sanskrit (Ruchira) is titled शब्द परिचयः २ (Shabda Parichayah 2), which means "Introduction to Words 2." While the first chapter taught words about people and family, this chapter extends our vocabulary to the world around us. Here we learn the names of objects in the classroom and at home, words for everyday items, and we meet the third-person pronouns in more detail. This chapter introduces neuter gender (नपुंसकलिङ्ग) nouns for the first time, along with more masculine and feminine words. It also introduces the concept of number (वचनम्) - singular (एकवचन) and plural (बहुवचन). Learning the difference between one thing and many things is a crucial step. We also learn to use words like एतत् (this) and see how nouns change when they are plural. By the end of this chapter, the student should be able to name common objects around the house and school, identify their genders, and form simple sentences describing what something is.
The vocabulary in this chapter includes objects commonly found in our surroundings. Let us categorise them by gender.
Sanskrit nouns and verbs exist in three numbers: - एकवचन (Ekavachana) - Singular: one thing, e.g., फलम् (a fruit), गजः (an elephant) - द्विवचन (Dvivachana) - Dual: exactly two things (studied in higher classes) - बहुवचन (Bahuvachana) - Plural: more than two things
| Singular | Plural | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| गजः | गजाः | elephants |
| फलम् | फलानि | fruits |
| पुष्पम् | पुष्पाणि | flowers |
| बालकः | बालकाः | boys |
With plural subjects we use the plural verb सन्ति (they are) instead of अस्ति (he/she/it is): - फलानि सन्ति। - There are fruits. - गजाः सन्ति। - There are elephants. - बालिकाः सन्ति। - There are girls.
Neuter nouns ending in -म् are new in this chapter. They describe inanimate objects like water (जलम्), fruit (फलम्), and book (पुस्तकम्). The word "this" for neuter is एतत् or इदम्.
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| First (I/We) | अस्मि | स्मः |
| Second (You) | असि | स्थ |
| Third (He/She/It/They) | अस्ति | सन्ति |
In this chapter the important new form is सन्ति (they are).
| Sanskrit | English Meaning |
|---|---|
| गजः (gajah) | elephant |
| सिंहः (simhah) | lion |
| कुक्कुरः (kukkurah) | dog |
| अश्वः (asvah) | horse |
| मयूरः (mayurah) | peacock |
| कपिः (kapih) | monkey |
| विद्या (vidya) | knowledge |
| शिक्षिका (shikshika) | teacher (female) |
| फलम् (phalam) | fruit |
| पुष्पम् (pushpam) | flower |
| जलम् (jalam) | water |
| दुग्धम् (dugdham) | milk |
| गृहम् (griham) | house |
| पुस्तकम् (pustakam) | book |
| एषः (eshah) | this (masculine) |
| एषा (esha) | this (feminine) |
| एतत् (etat) | this (neuter) |
| सन्ति (santi) | they are |
| Gender | Singular | Plural | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | गजः | गजाः | elephant/elephants |
| Masculine | सिंहः | सिंहाः | lion/lions |
| Masculine | अश्वः | अश्वाः | horse/horses |
| Feminine | विद्या | विद्याः | knowledge |
| Feminine | शिक्षिका | शिक्षिकाः | teacher/teachers |
| Neuter | फलम् | फलानि | fruit/fruits |
| Neuter | पुष्पम् | पुष्पाणि | flower/flowers |
| Neuter | जलम् | जलानि | water/waters |
| Gender | Word | Example Sentence |
|---|---|---|
| Masculine | एषः | एषः गजः अस्ति। (This is an elephant.) |
| Feminine | एषा | एषा बालिका अस्ति। (This is a girl.) |
| Neuter | एतत् | एतत् फलम् अस्ति। (This is a fruit.) |
| Person | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| First | अस्मि | स्मः |
| Second | असि | स्थ |
| Third | अस्ति | सन्ति |
graph TD
A["शब्द परिचयः 2 - Introduction to Words 2"] --> B["Masculine Nouns"]
B --> B1["गजः - elephant"]
B --> B2["सिंहः - lion"]
B --> B3["कुक्कुरः - dog"]
B --> B4["अश्वः - horse"]
A --> C["Feminine Nouns"]
C --> C1["विद्या - knowledge"]
C --> C2["शिक्षिका - teacher"]
C --> C3["माता - mother"]
A --> D["Neuter Nouns (नपुंसकलिङ्ग)"]
D --> D1["फलम् - fruit"]
D --> D2["पुष्पम् - flower"]
D --> D3["जलम् - water"]
D --> D4["दुग्धम् - milk"]
A --> E["Number (वचनम्)"]
E --> E1["एकवचन - singular"]
E --> E2["बहुवचन - plural"]
A --> F["Verbs अस्"]
F --> F1["अस्ति - is (singular)"]
F --> F2["सन्ति - are (plural)"]
Shabda Parichayah 2 expanded our Sanskrit vocabulary from people to the wider world - animals, objects, and concepts. We learnt three genders of nouns, with the neuter gender (नपुंसकलिङ्ग) being a completely new idea. We also discovered the concept of number: singular (एकवचन) and plural (बहुवचन), and the plural verb form सन्ति. The "this" pronouns एषः, एषा, एतत् allow us to point at things and describe them. With the ability to say "This is an elephant" (एषः गजः अस्ति) and "There are fruits" (फलानि सन्ति), we have taken a big step forward in constructing meaningful Sanskrit sentences. Practise the noun forms, the plural endings, and the verb table regularly. This vocabulary and grammar will be the foundation for reading actual stories and passages in the later lessons of the book.